Diagnostic Utility of Bronchoalveolar Lavage Flow Cytometric Leukocyte Profiling in Interstitial Lung Disease and Infection

Abstract

Interstitial lung diseases (ILD) represent a diverse group of disorders that primar- ily affect the pulmonary interstitium and, less commonly, involve the alveolar and vascular epithelium. Overlapping clinical, radiological and histopathological features make proper classification difficult, requiring multiple complementary methodologies, including flow cytometry of bronchoalveolar lavages (BAL). This retrospective study analyzed BAL flow cytometry data from 1074 real-life patients, quantifying alveolar macrophages, CD4/CD8 lymphocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, and CD1a+ Langerhans cells, with the aim of evaluating its diagnostic utility in ILD and pulmonary infection. Clustering and logistic regression analyses identified seven distinct leukocyte profiles: lymphocytic (associated with hypersensitivity pneumonitis, cryptogenic organizing pneumonia, and lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia), sarcoidosis, macrophagic (including nonspecific interstitial pneu- monia, desquamative interstitial pneumonitis, pneumoconiosis, and unclassifiable ILD), neutrophilic (including usual interstitial pneumonia, respiratory bronchiolitis ILD, and acute interstitial pneumonia), infectious diseases, eosinophilic ILD, and Langerhans cell histiocytosis. The estimated leukocyte profiles were associated with different overall sur- vival (OS) outcomes. Neutrophilic profiles, both infectious and non-infectious, correlated with poorer OS, particularly in patients without pulmonary fibrosis. Furthermore, corticos- teroids and other immunosuppressive therapies did not show significant OS differences across leukocyte profiles. Although the gold standard in BAL cytology continues to be cytopathology, these results support BAL flow cytometry as a rapid and reliable com- plementary tool to aid in the classification of interstitial lung diseases based on immune cell profiles, providing valuable predictive information and contributing to personalized therapeutic approaches.